Undertrial disparities of caste and religion in PSI 2023 India

The Prison Statistics India 2023 reveals chronic prison overcrowding and a dominant undertrial population at 73.5%. Deep disparities emerge: while Hindus are under-represented among undertrials relative to their population share, Muslims, Sikhs, SCs, STs and OBCs are visibly over-represented, reflecting structural bias in India’s justice system. The data suggests that caste, tribe and religion significantly shape pre-trial detention outcomes, underlining urgent need for systemic reform.

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